Privacy Radial arm maze performance of rats following repeated low level microwave radiation exposure. Riedel G, Platt B, Micheau J. Glutamate receptor function in learning and memory. Wang et al. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, Dysfunction of learning and memory abilities, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. EEG data reflect the functional state of the brain by enlarging the autologous weak bioelectricity recorded by the EEG-recording instrument [47]. Krylova I, Dukhanin A, Il'in A, Kuznetsova EY, Balaeva N, Shimanovskii N, et al. In broadcasting, the sources of microwaves are mainly FM radio and TV broadcasting antennas, which produce frequencies ranging from 80 to 800MHz. The interaction of microwaves with matter other than metallic conductors will be to rotate molecules and produce heat as result of that molecular motion. Brain Res Rev. PubMed Central 2015;56:2618. 2014;90:2935. J Neurosci. Neurosci Lett. Regional cerebral glucose uptake in the 3xTG model of Alzheimer's disease highlights common regional vulnerability across AD mouse models. Therefore, their reproducibility and comparability are poor. Since mobile phones are used in positions very close to the human body and require a large Li HJ, Peng RY, Wang CZ, Qiao SM, Yong Z, Gao YB, et al. Of the numerous studies performed to explore the effects of mobile communication devices on humans, only a few have shown that cell phones and brain tumors are statistically correlated. [42] found similar results. 2010;473:525. Microwaving Food Leads to a Negative Impact on Human Physiology & the Heart. The results of EEG and analyses of the structure of the brain after radiation have also confirmed the influence of microwaves. [105] identified stable C-T mutation sites at 217 points by screening for SNPs in the GRIN2B promoter region in rats. [81] reported a study exploring the influence of mobile phone microwave radiation on oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat brains. The biological effects of RF energy are proportional to the rate of ener-gy absorption, and the level of absorption varies little with fre-quency. [78] exposed differentiated astroglial cells that were cultured for 14days in vitro to either continuous 900MHz waves or 900MHz waves modulated in amplitude at 50Hz using a sinusoidal wave form and 100% modulation index for 5, 10, or 20min. Trends Cell Biol. 1999;4:102. These results explain the genetic mechanisms by which microwave radiation induces damage to learning and memory. Johansen C, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Olsen JH. However, the problem with these studies is that different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, and power density of the radiation and the irradiation time, were used to evaluate microwave radiation between studies. 1984;4:285665. Wang et al. The relationship between NMDA receptors and microwave induced learning and memory impairment: a long term observation on Wistar rats. This phenomenon may be explained by the varied radiation dosage adopted in these studies. Google Scholar. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). Bioelectromagnetics. ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one. Cancer in radar technicians exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation: sentinel episodes. Chin J Indus Hyg. The Dangers of Microwaves and Their Effects on Food - Natural Society Othman H, Ammari M, Rtibi K, Bensaid N, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Postnatal development and behavior effects of in-utero exposure of rats to radiofrequency waves emitted from conventional WiFi devices. 2005;161:3314. 2012;62:22336. Alterations of cognitive function and 5-HT system in rats after long term microwave exposure. Acta Neurol Belg. JAMA. Yale J Biol Med. 2010;2010. PubMed Suhhova et al. Koivisto M, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hmlinen H. The effects of electromagnetic field emitted by GSM phones on working memory. The normal function of synaptic vesicles depends on the normal expression of related proteins. Aydin D, Feychting M, Schz J, Andersen TV, Poulsen AH, Prochazka M, et al. Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. 2009;72:20514. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Electromagn Biol Med. So foods which have high water content can be very easily cooked like fresh vegetables. Cordless phone radiation effect flows in a human body same way in the mobile phone [13]. 2011;18:32533. Cell Biochem Biophys. The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism. Many studies have been made on the biological effects of microwave radiation. Cull-Candy SG, Leszkiewicz DN. Effects of 902 MHz electromagnetic field emitted by cellular telephones on response times in humans. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B. Thus, Cosquer et al. Dendritic spines, which are small protrusions that extend from dendritic shafts, are also cellular compartments containing signaling molecules that are important for synaptic transmission and plasticity [88,89,90,91]. 2000;6:18793. Sci STKE. J Neuro. Article Interphone study group. Dasdag et al. The induced genes encoded proteins with a variety of functions, including neurotransmitter regulation, BBB maintenance, and melatonin production. Cobb et al. Vakalopoulos C. The EEG as an index of neuromodulator balance in memory and mental illness. 2007;96:218196. 2001;12:72931. Defective actin dynamics in dendritic spines: cause or consequence of age-induced cognitive decline? [40] concluded that despite the differences in the conditions used in the experiments, space limitations and whether the wall of the maze was clear did not substantially influence outcomes. CAS 1994;8:714. The acute effects of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones on human attention. In a report by the Poland Department of Microwave Safety, occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields was analyzed in the work environment of personnel of 204 devices divided into 5 groups (surface-to-air missile system radars, aircraft and helicopters, communication devices, surveillance and height finder radars, airport radars and radio navigation systems). Bad impacts a microwave has on our daily lives. To investigate whether exposure of rat brains to GMS microwaves induced DNA breaks and changes in gene expression, Belyaev et al. 1 Microwave radiation may also lead to skin cancer/health problems when we are within the radius of a cell phone tower in a certain specified limited distance. Describes the health effects on six men exposed to high levels of RF radiation (100 MHz) while working on transmission masts. 1994;10:13548. Synapse. millimeter, or equivalently. Dasdag S, Balci K, Ayyildiz M, Celik M, Tekes S, Kaplan A. Then that poisonous acid harms the kidneys and nervous system. Ito K, Hirao A, Arai F, Takubo K, Matsuoka S, Miyamoto K, et al. Othman H, Ammari M, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Effects of prenatal exposure to WIFI signal (2.45 GHz) on postnatal development and behavior in rat: influence of maternal restraint. PubMed 2004;996:8996. Abnormality of synaptic vesicular associated proteins in cerebral cortex and hippocampus after microwave exposure. 2012;21:6209. Chin J Radiol Med Prot. Evaluation of Psychologic parameters in people occupationally exposed to radiofrequencies and microwave. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Effects of fetal microwave radiation exposure on offspring behavior in mice. Sleep EEG alterations: effects of pulsed magnetic fields versus pulse-modulated radio frequency electromagnetic fields. 2011;343:5224. After 28days, the levels of Glu and Tau in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid were lower, indicating that the cognitive damage induced by microwave radiation is associated with a decrease in Glu [66, 67]. Szmigielski S. Cancer morbidity in subjects occupationally exposed to high frequency (radiofrequency and microwave) electromagnetic radiation. The frequencies of these devices are listed in Table1. 2001;93:2037. 1996;180:917. frequency range from 1GHz to 10^6 GHz. Numerous mechanisms can activate oxidative stress, including electromagnetic radiation, and thereby cause molecular damage. Cite this article. as it have a harmful side. In the cell experiments, the T allele was significantly more vulnerable to microwaves than the C allele with regard to its transcription factor binding ability and the transcriptional activity and mRNA and protein expression of NR2B. Behav Brain Res. Bioelectromagnetics. Frequency Fields (RF) and Microwave Radiation on human health" by the Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (CSTEE) from 2001, with respect . Glucose is the main energy source and is closely related to brain neurotransmitters and cholesterol synthesis [106]. PubMed Decreased expression of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA-encoded genes of oxidative phosphorylation in association neocortex in Alzheimer disease. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Aksen F, Bashan M, Buyukbayram H. Does 900 MHZ GSM mobile phone exposure affect rat brain? [103] found that microwave radiation caused DNA single-strand and double-strand breaks in vivo in populations submitted to occupational exposure, and the incidence of micronuclei in lymphocytes was significantly increased. Electromagn Biol Med. Brain cancer with induction periods of less than 10 years in young military radar workers. volume4, Articlenumber:29 (2017) Handheld cellular telephone use and risk of brain cancer. Mikrobiolohichny zhurnal (Kiev, Ukraine: 1993) Serge Voychuk. Radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (MW) radiation are electromagnetic radiation in the frequency ranges 3 kilohertz (kHz) - 300 Megahertz (MHz), and 300 MHz - 300 gigahertz (GHz), respectively. 2009;63:10106. Wang LF, Tian DW, Li HJ, Gao YB, Wang CZ, Zhao L, et al. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2017;38:106976. 2014;70:84555. The Microwave signals in the food can cause water molecules to pulsate, generates heat to cook the food. [14] found that gliomas are not preferentially located in the parts of the brain with the highest exposure. Radiat Res. 2008;169:3845. Here's What Would Happen If Your Body Was Microwaved - Grunge.com PDF What effects do mobile phones have on people's health? Ning W, Chiang H, Yang W. Effects of GSM 1800 MHz on dendritic development of cultured hippocampal neurons. Zhang proposed that the sex-dependent relationship between microwaves and the behavior of offspring may be related to sex hormones, and female rats may be equivalently protected by reducing oxidative stress levels. 2011;31:2293301. 1999;75:44756. Spatial memory and learning performance and its relationship to protein synthesis of Swiss albino mice exposed to 10 GHz microwaves. 2006;5:389. Belyaev IY, Koch CB, Terenius O, Roxstrm-Lindquist K, Malmgren LO, Sommer HW, et al. It influences both learning and memory in rats [67]. 2005;25:10190201. 2006;398:2537. PubMed N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) is a tetramer composed of two NR1 and two NR2 subunits or two NR3 subunits that perform the functions of NMDAR [69, 70], and NMDAR plays key roles in synapse development, synaptic plasticity and neurological diseases. Lee TM, Ho SM, Tsang LY, Yang SY, Li LS, Chan CC. [41] exposed rats to 2.45GHz microwaves (2 pulse width, 500 pps, and SAR 0.6W/kg) for 45min and found that microwave-induced behavioral alterations measured by Lai had more to do with factors related to performance bias than to spatial working memory. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. Calabr E, Condello S, Curr M, Ferlazzo N, Caccamo D, Magaz S, et al. Additionally, people exposed to military microwave sources were more vulnerable to brain tumors. [37] exposed male Wistar rats (1012weeks old) to a Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) (900/1800MHz) mobile phone that was in vibrating mode (i.e., no ring tone). Lai H, Horita A, Guy AW. PDF Possible effects of Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) on Human Health It addresses the impact on developing head and brain tumours, other morbidity-related outcomes and summarizes the biological effects of RF and microwave radiation. Protein synthesis is necessary for dendritic spine proliferation in adult brain slices. Does MW radiation affect gene expression, apoptotic level, and cell cycle progression of human sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells? Szmigielski [23] collected retrospective data for Polish soldiers over 15years and showed that the prevalence of brain cancer was higher in each age group. Chronic nonmodulated microwave radiations in mice produce anxiety-like and depression-like behaviours and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain. Int J Occup Environ Health. Bull Exp Biol Med. Frei P, Poulsen AH, Johansen C, Olsen JH, Steding-Jessen M, Schz J. 1993;13:41322. These spines have been reported to share a close relationship with learning and memory abilities, and when protein synthesis in dendritic spines is blocked, new spine growth and the development of long spines are both decreased [91]. J Pharm Sci. Thus, the committee suggested that in the future, studies should explore the border between thermal and non-thermal effects and that specific effects, such as triggering the onset of thermoregulatory reactions, should be defined. Instead, the effects of exposure of hu-mans and other life forms must be deter-mined and used to set realistic permissi-ble exposure limits. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains. PubMed Central Int J Radiat Biol. Effect of mobile-phone radiation on Human health - SlideShare Google Scholar. However, impaired learning and memory were only observed in males. 2012;3:3440. However, Li et al. Im HI, Kenny PJ. The authors predicted the differential expression of genes associated with transcription, translation and receptor functions (in addition to brain-related and signaling pathway-related) using the iRDB, miRbase and miRanda databases. Zhang et al. Harris KM. [68] radiated Wistar rats with microwaves (30mW/cm2; SAR value, 14.1W/kg), and then detected the expression of synaptic vesicle-associated proteins and found that synaptophys in I and VAMP-2, which are synaptic fusion proteins, and synaptic vesicle proteins were abnormally expressed to different degrees. With the increasing number of applications that use microwave technology, its negative effects on the human body have attracted attention. Neuroreport. Lu M, Zhu J, Qian C, Wang G, Nie J, Tong J. Microwave radiation can induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, which lead to hippocampal neuronal and non-neuronal apoptosis via the oxidative damage of cellular constituents (i.e., nucleic acids, proteins and lipids) and subsequent over expression of p53, which up-regulates Bax and down-regulates pro-caspase-3 and full-length/uncleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) 1, eventually inducing neuronal degeneration via apoptosis [76]. 1992;6:379. Concurrently, the discovery that microwaves have positive biological effects has presented new challenges for research and applications in this field. Google Scholar. This is a Health Evidence Network (HEN) synthesis report assessing the clinical effects of daily exposure to mobile phones in general populations. One of the bad impacts a microwave has on humans, is that some of the acids in the food people put in the microwave, gets transformed into a type of acid which turns poisonous. . Proliferation and apoptosis in a neuroblastoma cell line exposed to 900 MHz modulated radiofrequency field. Merola et al. 2010;39:67594. J Environ Health. Cobb BL, Jauchem JR, Adair ER. Front Neurosci. MicroRNAs in neuronal function and dysfunction. J Med Food. 2017;52:23947. Repeated exposure to low-level extremely low frequency-modulated microwaves affects cortex-hypothalamus interplay in freely moving rats: EEG study. Microwave Health Effects 2009;64:2314. J Radiat Proc. 2010;1347:17985. Sage C, Carpenter D, Hardell L. Comments on SCENIHR: opinion on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields. 2013;5:5500110. The results showed that 2.1GHz W-CDMA-modulated microwave radiation did not cause apoptotic cell death but altered cell cycle progression [79]. Curr Opin Neurobiol. Khurana VG, Teo C, Kundi M, Hardell L, Carlberg M. Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. Wang L, Peng R, Hu X, Gao Y, Wang S, Zhao L, et al. Location of gliomas in relation to mobile telephone use: a case-case and case-specular analysis. Morris R. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. J Natl Cancer Inst. The results showed that in normal EEGs, the (3.26.0Hz) and 2 (17.830.5Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the cortex, while the (6.017.8Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the hypothalamus. PubMed In contrast, a central injection of a glucose carrier inhibitor induced injury to memories [110]. In epidemiology, there is no conclusive evidence showing that microwaves have carcinogenic effects. SAR Value There are guidelines internationally for short term exposure to cell phone frequency microwaves, defined in terms of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), the rate at which energy is absorbed by the human body when exposed to radio frequency radiation. After exposure to microwave radiation, during synaptic structural plasticity, presynaptic vesicles accumulate or empty, mitochondria are damaged, postsynaptic membranes are perforated, postsynaptic lengths and postsynaptic density distributions are abnormal, mossy fiber growth is inhibited during learning and memory functions, dendritic filopodial densities and activities are decreased, and there is a significant reduction of the dendritic spine density and dendritic fragment length [62].

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