For more on this then see the free online article by google searching for: Foreign Words in the Old Testament as evidence of historicity by Robert D. The proof we have that Chapter 53 is a true prophecy of the future should enable us to believe the name "Cyrus" was announced before he was born. Concerning God's economy toward His chosen people, Isaiah reveals that all the nations . By deleting a highly probable eventuality, even if not strictly demonstrable, it is possible that the scribes may have read to Cyrus a Greek translation of the prophecies of Isaiah, making some Hebrew form as "Adon Mashiyah" (Anointed Lord) with "Kristo Kyros", instead of "Kristo Kyrios", just to get the favor of the Persian emperor. Isaiah 2:1 is written for a small section of the prophecy. . Assuming for purposes of argument that Josephus' account is true, then plain common sense dictates that he was so impressed precisely because it was the genuine article - a prophecy from an earlier period - rather than a crude contemporary forgery. Would anyone? eballerina96. perfect, So as to say of Jerusalem, Thou art built, And of the temple, This is a timeline of the development of prophecy among the Jews in Judaism. This fact is recognized by the various New Testament writers, who quoted Isaiah more than 90 times. Story of Esther, (535 BC: First portion of Ezra; 515 BC: Second portion of Ezra and Haggai and Zecharia; Joel possibly some time later; 474 BC: Esther; 450 BC: Remainder of Ezra, Nehemiah, and Malachi. and brought to a final form by such careless production processes as modern scholars claim? . And you are right about two things: 1. the etymology and prior usage of the word, 2. comments are not for prolonged discussions (although this one was nice). I will list a few of them. But already the Jewish commentator Ibn Esra concluded around 1138 that the book was not written in one go. Isaiah 20:1 is key in its reference to Sargon. 10 Yet it pleased the Lord to bruise him; he hath put him to grief: when thou shalt make his soul an offering for sin, he shall see his seed, he shall prolong his days, and the pleasure of the Lord shall prosper in his hand. Flashcards. Got any scholarly links for this stuff (particularly the second to the last paragraph)? Portions of 139 were written during the exile. This is what God told Isaiah would happen to Babylon: Scholars generally divide Isaiah into three distinct sections based on the changes in the timeline, assuming that there were at least three authors. 5 I am the Lord, and there is no other, @user438 The hypothesis that prophecies generally don't work isn't assumed totally. At the time of Isaiah's prediction, Babylon was one of the largest and most important cities in the world. .css-m6thd4{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:block;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:Gilroy,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.2;font-weight:bold;color:#323232;text-transform:capitalize;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-m6thd4:hover{color:link-hover;}}Pope Benedict XVI. 35:8 and 40:3; That the saying of Esaias the prophet might be fulfilled, which he spake, Lord, This was the time between the first victories of Cyrus, which gave an indication of the collapse of the Babylonian empire, and the liberation edict of 538 BC, which then allowed the Israelites to return to Palestine, that is to Yehud. [2] c. 520 BC-c. 411 BC [citation needed] prophecy of Haggiah, Zechariah, Joel (?) Please check errors and resubmit. Using Kolmogorov complexity to measure difficulty of problems? Does Counterspell prevent from any further spells being cast on a given turn? More scholarly: such passages are very likely a Vaticinium ex eventu: "prophecy from the event" is a technical theological or historiographical term referring to a prophecy written after the author already had information about the events being "foretold". In the Bible, Isaiah 13:1. says, "The burden against Babylon which Isaiah the son of Amoz saw.". As it stands, you might as well have just answered "Yes". DIFFICULTIES RELATED TO BABYLONIA (IN THE ISAIA PROTO) AND TO CIRO (IN DEUTERO ISAIA). The 54 columns contain all 66 chapters of the Hebrew Copyright 2020 HarperCollins Publishers. Fear before him, all the earth: the world also shall be stable, that it be not moved. God sent them into captivity and God brought them back from captivity, and the prediction of Cyrus by name proved that it was the God of Isaiah, the LORD God of their forefathers who had done everything. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. This causes a dispute over when the Gospel was actually written. This is a time jump of approximately 150 years; the city of Jerusalem has already been destroyed and the people are living in captivity. 7 He was oppressed, and he was afflicted, yet he opened not his mouth: he is brought as a lamb to the slaughter, and as a sheep before her shearers is dumb, so he openeth not his mouth. Thou art founded. that she has received from the Lords hand Until the year 1843, when the excavation at Khorsabad were started. It was not done just to impress: the prediction was given so that the Jews would not return to Baal or Molech or to their idols, but they would return to the Lord their God. Daniel served in the royal court of Nebuchadnezzar and several rulers who followed Nebuchadnezzar. Yet The Book of Isaiah in Chapters 44 and 45 speaks of Cyrus in no uncertain terms: Who is saying of Cyrus, My shepherd, And all my delight He doth R.N. Note how Isaiah mentions Cyrus before Cyrus was supposed to have even been born. Particularly interesting is. But the only Persian loan word in the book of Isaiah is the name "Cyrus". 35:10 and 51:11; Scholars believe that the prophet Isaiah was a real, historical person who lived during the eighth century, when many of the events recorded in Isaiah historically took place. But, actually, Isaiah. prophecies of Elijah, Micaiah, and Elisha. Purpose of Writing: In 605 B.C., Nebuchadnezzar King of Babylon had conquered Judah and deported many of its inhabitants to Babylon - Daniel included. In my view, all of the above points 1 to 8 are accumulative evidence that the whole of chapters 44-66, along with the word "Cyrus" in 44:28 and 45:1, was written at the same time as 1-39, before the Babylonian Captivity, which started about 605 BC. and he shall fulfill all my purpose; I equip you, though you do not know me. Test. There is the prophesies of the book of Daniel and Isaiah, there's some in Jeremiah and one in Micah saying where the Saviour would be born, but, when it comes to detailed accurate prophesies, there are not so many. The Two books are written almost entirely in Hebrew poetry and they are joined by a few historical chapters (36-39) written mostly in prose. which is a clear case of going beyond what is written in the Scripture, (though I must stress that these titles are not in the inspired Scripture text itself, they merely introduce the Scripture.) So he poured out on them his burning anger, Why do small African island nations perform better than African continental nations, considering democracy and human development? The term "the Holy One of Israel" referring to God is used many times in Isaiah but rarely outside the book of Isaiah: it is used 15 times in 1-39 and 14 times in 40-66 but only 6 times throughout the rest if the Old Testament and one of those 6 times is when referring to the words of Isaiah (2 Kings 19:22). The Introduction to Isaiah, Old Testament Study Guide for Home-Study Seminary Students (2014) states: The book of Isaiah was written sometime during the ministry of Isaiah (approximately 740701B.C. But already the Jewish commentator Ibn Esra concluded around 1138 that the book was not written in one go. Article Title: Isaiah Biography, Author: Biography.com Editors, Website Name: The Biography.com website, Url: https://www.biography.com/religious-figures/isaiah, Publisher: A&E; Television Networks, Last Updated: August 14, 2019, Original Published Date: April 2, 2014. Is everyone a gullible fool except the modern scholar? After the Jews returned from captivity in the days of Cyrus there was no such gross idolatry. I'm into art, music, and I like fixing cars. Why are there so few prophesies in the Old Testament compared to what there could have been? Thus says the Lord, your Redeemer, Neque enim Kyrio, quod Dominum sonat, sed Cyro dicitur, here Hebraice appellatur Khores, regi Persarum, here Babylonem Chaldaeosque superavit. Outstanding chapters in Isaiah's predictions are 13, 14, and 47 with scattered references elsewhere (21:9, 39:1, 3, 6, 7; 43:14; 48: . The theme of returning home is clearly present, not only in Deutero and in the Isaiah Tritus, but also and especially in Proto-Isaiah. This is a basic principle for dating passages in biblical scholarship. In 722 BC, after the fall of Samaria, nearly 30,000 Israelites were deported to Assyria, Mesopotamia, and the cities of the Media (2 Kings 17: 6), while thousands of exiles from Babylon took possession of the cities of Samaria. Note that in Jewish scripture, Daniel is not considered a prophet and is not included among the prophetic books. in Hebrew is also rendered Tartan in the JPS version or, Oh. and Israel my chosen, Enhance your schools traditional and online education programs by easily integrating online courses developed from the scholars and textbooks you trust. The lack of flow, and poor writing, is all mine, my aim being to try to be brief; the ideas are mainly his. Finally, (For more info on the progress of languages in the period then there is the work "Empires of the Word [not world! :-). 3 Reasons Why You Should (Re)consider the Doctrine of Justification. And for anyone to see this for themselves the only way is to read all of these books in their entirety. But, there are serious problems with this view (that some anonymous prophets were involved in the production of the final book of Isaiah): There aren't any. While Isa 1-39 has the time of the downfall of Samaria in mind, that is, in the 8th century BC, the author of Isa 40-55 already expects the end of the Babylonian kingdom (Isa 43,14; 46-47) and the rise of the Persian Cyrus (Isa 44,26-27 and others). I'd upvote it if you presented the evidence scholars use to support this belief, as that was what the question asked for. Isaiah was a Hebrew prophet who was believed to have lived about 700 years before the birth of Jesus Christ. tippah county news. Batch split images vertically in half, sequentially numbering the output files. have not I held my peace even of old, and thou fearest me not? Isaiah to Daniel. On the Sabbath day the Jews would only fight the Romans if the Romans were trying to kill them. 2 Who has stirred(F) up one from the east,(G) It is peculiar that anyone living in our century should think the name "Cyrus" could not have been written 700 BC but must have been written after he became king of Persia. 1 Chronicles 16:30 (KJV) . Isaiah 42 appears to speak of the destruction of Israel as an event in the past: Who handed Jacob over to become loot, For Instructors and School Administrators. Tartan was a military term in the Assyrian Army and was the highest position in the Army under the King himself. Some later readers may have decided otherwise, but such interpretations are not more in the biblical context than the 19th century revival of the Flat Earth theory. Fascinating. A major objection is that parts of the book are not . Of course I'll try to apologise if what I wrote provoked anything other but thoughts. - the incident has nothing to do with me; can I use this this way? For they would not follow his ways; These show that where the original document was written anonymously different theories begin to emerge as to who wrote it. Therefore they could not believe, because that Esaias said again, He that gates may not be closed: Isaiah was a man who witnessed our Lord (the pre-incarnate Son) sitting on His throne in all His glory. There are a few loan words from Egyptian, and a few from Assyrian (Assyrian Akkadian), which was the lingua franca in northern Mesopotamia until it was replaced by Aramaic roughly during the period 750 to 650 BC. Collection one, with an emphasis upon prophecies of judgment (chapters 135), Collection two, with significance, placed on promises of redemption (chapters 4266). they did not obey his law. who hath believed our report? So I don't think his text can be used as evidence for anything. What is the point of Thrower's Bandolier? Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. (B) More directly regarding the question at hand: Modern scholarship considers the Book of Isaiah to be an anthology, the two principal compositions of which are the Book of Isaiah proper (chapters 1-39, with some exceptions), containing the words of the prophet Isaiah himself, dating from the time of the First Temple, around 700 BCE, and Second Isaiah (Deutero-Isaiah, chapters 40-66), comprising the words of an anonymous prophet, who lived some one hundred and fifty years later, around the time of the Babylonian exile and the restoration of the Temple in the Persian Period. The narrator remains in this period until the end of the book. Let them come forward(D) and speak; The book of Obadiah has only 21 verses yet we are told who wrote them. 4 For the sake of my servant Jacob, against whom we have sinned? Furthermore, there is historical information in Isaiah chapters 1 to 39 which has been confirmed from other sources. I . Do we know the reason it was written in poetic form? Passages from both collections are recorded by various Book of Mormon writers" The Persian conquest of Babylon, which took place in 538 by Cyrus (who occupied the city without fighting, declaring himself successor of Nabonidus at the behest of the god Marduk), would be treated, however, in some later chapters (Isaiah 46 and 47) belonging to the so-called " Deutero Isaiah. Isaiah 53. And of whom hast thou been afraid or feared, that thou hast lied, and hast not remembered me, nor laid it to thy heart? For 53:1 the author of John's Gospel tells us that it was that which Isaiah spake, and for 6:10 and 6:1 the author tells us that Isaiah said again. By sharing a vast range of resources including study guides, articles, podcasts, and more, we hope to provide readers with ways to search the book of Isaiah. John Oswalt. Most significantly there are three prisms in which Sennacharib relates his attacks on Judaea from 704 to 681 BC (Google "Sennacharib's Annals"). Timeline of Jeremiah / Daniel / Ezekiel Kings of Judah Date Ref Josiah 640 BC 2 Kg 22:1 - 23:30 5, 6 Josiah was 8yr old when he was made king and reigned 31 years 2 Ch 34 - 35 627 BC Jer 1 1 God calls Jeremiah to be prophet in Judah. . The Book of Isaiah (Hebrew: , [s.fr j.a.ja.hu]) is the first of the Latter Prophets in the Hebrew Bible and the first of the Major Prophets in the Christian Old Testament. Date of Writing: The book of Isaiah was written between 739 and 681 B.C. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? Born in Jerusalem, Israel, he was said to have found his calling as a prophet when he saw a vision in the year of King Uzziahs death. Moreover, in ancient Greek "Kyros", in addition to indicating the proper name of a Persian emperor, meant "power, power, supremacy, absolute authority" and was the probable origin of the best known Greek term "Kyrios" (sir, master, capo), practically equivalent to "O ekon Kuros" (the one with authority). Can We Prove Who Wrote the Book of Isaiah? laid hold on, To subdue nations before him, Yea, loins of kings I The passage predicts that when the Saviour comes 1 he would be despised and rejected; 2 he would be put on trial (verse 8); 3 he would die without children (verse 8); 4 he would take the punishment for other people's sins; 5 he would be buried in a rich man's grave (the tomb of Joseph of Arimathea); 6 he would rise again from the dead; 7 his death would be effective for many. On the possibility of equivocating the proper name "Kyros" with the common names "Kyros" and "Kyrios" only Jerome dwelled, who narrated how numerous Fathers and many Greek and Latin translations had mistakenly attributed to Christ the prophecies concerning Cyrus, confusing the proper name "Ciro" with the term "Lord". Enflaming yourselves with idols under every green tree, slaying the children in the valleys under the clifts of the rocks? They both lived in the 6th century BC. All Rights Reserved. In Cave One of Qumran, archaeologists found a complete 24-foot-long scroll of Isaiah, which contained all 66 chapters of the book. Passages from both collections are recorded by various Book of Mormon writers Victor L. Ludlow,Unlocking Isaiah, pp.56, Since Isaiahs ministry was centered in Jerusalem, this is the most likely location of the books origin.ibid. For instance, Josephus relates that when the Romans came to besiege Jerusalem the Romans learned that on the Sabbath day they could build the siegeworks for the overthrow of Jerusalem without being attacked by the Jews. Modern scholars argue that the book of Isaiah is a collection of writings by various anonymous writers whose writings have been added over the centuries following the time of Isaiah. Sign up for the SearchIsaiah newsletter, you won't regret it. In the ancient Middle East it was commonplace for a ruler to have a 'local' name in each area he ruled. When Cyrus gave the decree for as many of them as wanted to go back and rebuild Jerusalem then the Jews needed some encouragement to leave their financially secure lives and go. But after the Babylonian Captivity the sins of the Jews were different. The hypothesis of a One Isaiah is reinforced by the fact that all the Proto Isaiah is pervaded by the omen (Isaiah 29 and Isaiah 40) of an imminent fall of Jerusalem and further deportations by the millennial Babylonian power, only momentarily bent by the ascent of the Assyrian empire. He feedeth on ashes: a deceived heart hath turned him aside, that he cannot deliver his soul, nor say, Is there not a lie in my right hand? By inspiration, he knows that Judah will be exiled as well. We have therefore the question "Is there any evidence that the book of Isaiah was written before Cyrus?" Judgments and Promises 5 They say, 'Keep to yourself; do not come near me, for I am holier than you!' Such people are smoke in My nostrils, a fire that burns all day long. It was, then, in God's kindness that he predicted Cyrus by name. -1. Thus said Jehovah, To His anointed, to Cyrus, Whose right hand I have Place or time information is completely missing. Then Isaiah said to Hezekiah, Hear the word of the Lord Almighty: The time will surely come when everything in your palace, and all that your predecessors have stored up until this day, will be carried off to Babylon. The Jews felt they could not try to stop the Romans doing this because it was the Sabbath day a poor interpretation of their own scriptures, but, hey, they took those Scriptures seriously, and revered them. your Redeemer, the Holy One of Israel: Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. Site contains certain content that is owned A&E Television Networks, LLC. Exile in Babylon Babylonian Empire: 1984 BC 539 BC Nebuchadnezzar King of Babylon: 605 BC 562 BC Get updates from Zondervan Academic directly in your inbox. This fits with the timeline of chapters 139, where the Babylonian captivity clearly hasnt taken place yet. 3 I will give you the treasures of darkness Josephus was popularizing (and embellishing) the biblical accounts for his audience but as far as I know, he did not have independent sources. was isaiah written before daniel. who says of Cyrus, He is my shepherd, Paskelbta 16 birelio, 2022 and subdues kings before him. God used him to uncover spiritual realities of his own time but also of the near and far future. (L) Its a single scroll from end to end, with no divisions or signals from a copyist that there is some sort of change between chapter 39 and 40. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. http://biblechronologybooks.com/scientificmethod.html http://biblechronologybooks.com/hebrewkings.html. por | Jun 14, 2022 | jacksonville housing authority portal | radford job level guide | Jun 14, 2022 | jacksonville housing authority portal | radford job level guide Reasonable difficulties also meet to accept the fact that a prophet could know precisely the name of the Persian king Cyrus who, almost two centuries later, would liberate Israel from the Babylonian captivity. I am the Lord, your Holy One, The question is "Why would any editor/redactor place this passage by some future anonymous prophet in this part of the book"? They were being asked to leave their comfort zones and obey God. He creates moods, evocative scenes, and atmospheres, as poetry does. rev2023.3.3.43278. It's child's play to "predict things" after the event. Match. what animals eat kangaroo paws in the savanna . An interesting passage is John 12:38-40:-. Isaiah's role in the Bible Isaiah is the first of the Major Prophets. There are no Greek loan words and only one Persian. Of course not. concerning Judah and Jerusalem in the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah." According to 6:1, Isaiah received his call "in the year that King Uzziah died" (742 bc), and . and 532 B.C. Behind the doors also and the posts hast thou set up thy remembrance: for thou hast discovered thyself to another than me, and art gone up; thou hast enlarged thy bed, and made thee a covenant with them; thou lovedst their bed where thou sawest it. Is it plausible for constructed languages to be used to affect thought and control or mold people towards desired outcomes? Isaiahs writings divide easily into two main collections or books of prophecies: The Two books are written almost entirely in Hebrew poetry and they are joined by a few historical chapters(3639) written mostly inprose. Interestingly, the Great Isaiah Scroll has no gap in the scroll between the end of chapter 39 and the start of chapter 40. Isaiah prophesized the coming of the Messiah Jesus Christ. and Israel to the plunderers? How do we know which one is right? Portions of 4055 really were written before the exile. and to whom hath the arm of the Lord been Yet none of these suggests the slightest practice of are ye not children of transgression, a seed of falsehood. As the saying goes: Its Difficult to Make Predictions, Especially About the Future. in the ships in which they took pride. and to whom is the arm of the Lord revealed? Most remarkable, however, are the prophecies of Isaiah delivered a century before Babylon had risen to power and recorded at a time when Babylon was still in obscurity with no indication of its coming greatness. (Isaiah 13:1). And yet many Jews cared a great deal about their religion and their Scriptures. to turn on its feet with the answer: No, we have ample evidence that large parts of Isaiah were written after Cyrus. 1:11 and 1:14 with 43:24; This is confirmed in John 12:41 where John reveals that the prophet Isaiah actually saw Jesus Christ when he had a vision of the Lord on the throne in heavenhundreds of years before Jesus was born. This is the man who sent the Jews into Exile in Babylon. Isaiah was the great forerunner of the writers. In the first four centuries of the Vulgar Era -in Isaiah 45.1- an impressive number of Church Fathers, read Kyrios instead of Kyros, giving great emphasis to the translation "to Christ my Lord" instead of "to my anointed Cyrus". [14] Psalm 22 3) Then also, the manner of describing the year in Isaiah 20:1 is suitable for the age in which Isaiah was written. The book of Isaiah provides us with the most comprehensive prophetic picture of Jesus Christ in the entire Old Testament. who spread out the earth by myself, v24 Disciples living during the exile continued expanding Isaiahs writing. We strive for accuracy and fairness.If you see something that doesn't look right,.css-47aoac{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;text-decoration-color:inherit;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;color:#A00000;-webkit-transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-47aoac:hover{color:#595959;text-decoration-color:border-link-body-hover;}contact us! Many of them prospered quite nicely thank you very much in Babylon. By calling them cynics, it is not intended to be understood they are so named pejoratively just descriptively: if they were ever to be proved correct in their beliefs about the book of Isaiah they would not think they were insulting themselves to boast how very long they had been cynical about it. Do these passages not tell us that Isaiah 40-66 was written before the Babylonian Captivity? 14:27 and 43:13; For others, believers and non-believers, from chapter 40 onwards, the prophecies would have been, instead, elaborated by a "Deutero Isaia", certainly inspired, but lived in the days of exile. As a rough guide: Cyrus the Great is the same man as the Neo-Assyrian King Tiglath-Pileser III. Match. Is there any evidence that the book of Isaiah was written before Cyrus? the whore. This could do with some editing as it's very hard to follow the logic in this answer. Finally, prophesying Cyrus by name is integral to the book of Isaiah, and though his name is given only twice (44:28, 45:1) he is referred to several more times, though not by name (41:2-4; 41:22-29; 45:2-4; 45:13; 46:11; 48:14-15). Either way, the book has been preserved in this form since ancient times, and both Jewish and Christian traditions accept it as the inspired Word of God. In this regard, the historian Josephus remembers how, to the 332 a: C., The book of Daniel was shown to Alexander the Great, revealing to him how the prophet had already predicted, several centuries before, the destruction of the Persian empire by a Greek prince. double for all her sins. Isaiah 40:12. that her hard service has been completed, Judah was going through times of revival and times of rebellion. Subject Matter. So it appears that there are three distinct timelines in Isaiah, and the time between them is so great that they couldnt have been written in the present by the same person. Isaiah lived about 700 years before the birth of Jesus Christ. On the other hand, the hypothesis that, at the time of Isaiah, the term Koroush, was none other than a generic royal title, widespread in the Middle East, like many others widely used in the history of mankind ("caesar") "," zar "," kyrios "," kaiser "," shah "). Jer 2 - 6 2, 3 God sends Jeremiah to Jerusalem to give a series of messages to the people of Judah. There is quite a break in language, content, themes, style, even theology at the beginning of Deutero-Isaiah. He see's God as in control of history from Day One. In Daniel and Ezra there are whole passages in Aramaic because it was the lingua franca both in the time of Daniel and in the time of Ezra. The oldest copy of Isaiah we have is from the Dead Sea Scrolls, dated from around 175 BC. See: Who says Jesus couldnt predict the fall of Jerusalem. Among the smooth stones of the stream is thy portion; they, they are thy lot: even to them hast thou poured a drink offering, thou hast offered a meat offering. Artaxerxes III is Nebuchadnazzer. Upon a lofty and high mountain hast thou set thy bed: even thither wentest thou up to offer sacrifice. Of whom is Isaiah writing? One of his predictions was about the city Babylon. This happened with the Letter to the Hebrews. By the time our Isaiah Scroll was copied (the last third of the second century BCE), the book was already regarded as a single composition. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Created by. almost complete. 777 years before King Jesus died in 30 AD. So the reason for speaking of Cyrus 150 years before he captured Babylon was gracious and kind on God's part. Its also possible that his original writings were expanded on by later priests living during and after the exile.

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