Hittite Palatovelars merge into the plain velars: Epenthetic *a is inserted after a syllabic, following a vowel in syllables before the accent (VHC > VC), between plosives in non-initial syllables (CHC > CC), Two adjacent dentals become two adjacent sibilants (TT > ss). Sumerian DenYeniseian Possibly, post-consonantal laryngeals are lost when before pre-tonic close vowels: Possibly, vocalization of laryngeals to * between a *CR cluster and consonantal *j (CRHjV > CRjV), Syllabic laryngeals become *a (CHC > CaC), Syllabic resonants before a voiced unaspirated stop become *Ra (RD > RaD). Khmer Fiji Hindi Q-Celtic languages may also have /p/ in loan words, though in early borrowings from Welsh into Primitive Irish, /k/ was used by sound substitution due to a lack of a /p/ phoneme at the time: Gaelic pg "kiss" was a later borrowing (from the second word of the Latin phrase osculum pacis "kiss of peace") at a stage where p was borrowed directly as p, without substituting c. The PC vowel system is highly comparable to that reconstructed for PIE by Antoine Meillet. In Gaulish and the Brittonic languages, the Proto-Indo-European *k phoneme becomes a new *p sound. Javanese Likewise, final *-d devoiced to *-t-: *druwid- "druid" > *druwits.[13]. Celtic words for fence, hurdle, lattice and related things come from the same root: more details, as do words for left and related things. var gcse = document.createElement('script'); *mori 'body of water, sea' (neuter) (Gaulish Mori- ~ Old Irish muir ~ Welsh mr), E.g. Konkani While investigating Continental Celtic word-formation, I have come across some isoglosses which allow a less complicated reconstruction and, last not least, a better comprehension of the, Abstract The changes occurring in the Celtic word-field designating offspring are scrutinized and arranged into a somewhat revised relative chronology. From Proto-Indo-European *mor- (frontier, border). Portuguese You can email a link to this page to a colleague or librarian: The link was not copied. Faroese ), *ag-l- (W) buck *agro-, *agr- slaughter *agro-k battlehound *agro-magos- battle . Fijian They were used to form the present, future, and subjunctive conjugations.[14]. ScottishGaelic And unaspirated voiced stops /b d / were devoiced to [p t k] word-initially. Tibeto-Burman, Zazaki (Neapolitan, The most common alternative interpretation is that the proximity of Proto-Celtic and Proto-Italic over a long period could have encouraged the parallel development of what were already quite separate languages, as areal features within a Sprachbund. NigerCongo This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2023-03-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2023-03-01 using wiktextract.. Armenian [citation needed] It can be inferred from Gaulish and Celtiberian as well as Insular Celtic that the Proto-Celtic verb had at least three moods: A probable optative mood also features in Gaulish (tixsintor) and an infinitive (with a characteristic ending -unei) in Celtiberian.[17][18]. It contains a reconstructed lexicon, The discussion focuses on the problem of pre-Celtic substratum languages in the British Islands. Insofar as this new /p/ fills the gap in the phoneme inventory which was left by the disappearance of the equivalent stop in PIE, we may think of this as a chain shift. Contents 1 Proto-Celtic 1.1 Etymology 1.2 Noun 1.2.1 Declension 1.2.2 Descendants 1.3 References Proto-Celtic [ edit] Etymology [ edit] Hiligaynon Falling Apples. A Celtic Encyclopedia The. It was a descendant of the subjunctive of an Indo-European sigmatic thematic formation *-seti. Xiang) Romani Muskogean Kuki-Chin As someone who has studied Classical Latin for years, Proto-Italic is fascinating to me. Egyptian Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel. 1500 entries. Paleosiberian The reconstruction of Common Celtic (or Proto-Celtic)the parent language that yielded the various tongues of Continental Celtic and Insular Celticis of necessity very tentative. Wiktionary Advertisement Find Similar Words Find similar words to proto-celtic using the buttons below. The article by R. Matasovi begins by dealing with the syntactic features of Insular Celtic languages, The question of possible Italo-Celtic unity has been amply discussed so far. Corrections? English Proto-Celtic as far as ? Chumashan and Hokan Proto-Celtic English *-agno- descendant, child *go-mro- warlike *agos- (Ir. Schrijver supposes that its athematic present was used clause-initially and the thematic conjugation was used when that was not the case.[28]. These changes are shared by several other Indo-European branches. Punjabi Min Ojibwe Celtic and Indo-European scholars, linguists interested in etymology and problems of linguistic reconstruction. The following monophthongs are reconstructed: The following diphthongs have also been reconstructed: The morphological (structure) of nouns and adjectives demonstrates no arresting alterations from the parent language. Tuvaluan The stem vowel in the t-preterite was leveled to *e if the next consonant was either velar or *m, and *i in front of *r or *l.[20], One major formation of the future in Celtic, the s-future. That hypothesis fell out of favour after it was re-examined by Calvert Watkins in 1966. The genders were masculine, feminine and neuter; the numbers were singular, plural and dual. gcse.src = 'https://cse.google.com/cse.js?cx=' + cx; In this paper, we defend the thesis that the set of absolute, There are around sixty Indo-European roots that are (sometimes) reconstructed with a vowel *a in the scholarly literature that otherwise fully embraces the laryngeal theory. Proto-Celtic reconstruction. Japonic Russian Indonesian Betawi Vietnamese Korean These cases were nominative, vocative, accusative, dative, genitive, ablative, locative and instrumental. The many unusual shared innovations among the Insular Celtic languages are often also presented as evidence against a P- vs Q-Celtic division, but they may instead reflect a common substratum influence from the pre-Celtic languages of Britain and Ireland,[1], or simply continuing contact between the insular languages; in either case they would be irrelevant to the genetic classification of Celtic languages. Malay Palestinian, Category:Proto-Celtic lemmas: Proto-Celtic lemmas, categorized by their part of speech. Czech Volapk, Proto-Austronesian })(); (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Cornish Dictionary Omissions? AntilleanCreole Thai Your current browser may not support copying via this button. Occitan This is the first etymological dictionary of Proto-Celtic to be published after a hundred years, synthesizing the work of several generations of Celtic scholars. Due to a planned power outage on Friday, 1/14, between 8am-1pm PST, some services may be impacted. The Celtic languages are the languages descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic", a branch of the greater Indo-European language family. Chavacano (VulgarLatin)- Generally, nasal stems end in *-on-; this becomes *- in the nominative singular: *abon- "river" > *ab. In historical linguistics, Italo-Celtic is a hypothetical grouping of the Italic and Celtic branches of the Indo-European language family on the basis of features shared by these two branches and no others. Cornish Dictionary. 1500 entries. Indo-Aryan: Cape Verdean (Tashelhit, Malayalam gcse.async = true; Catalan Fundamental All languages Proto-Celtic. (StandardArabic, Egyptian, Mongolian [dubious discuss], The copula *esti was irregular. Proto-Hellenic Burushaski Proto-Mayan Ancillary study: Sound Change, the Italo-Celtic Linguistic Unity, and the Italian Homeland of Celtic", "Early Celtic among the Indo-European dialects", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italo-Celtic&oldid=1132194659, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Sanskrit-language text, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. the assimilation of *p to a following *k. Arabic: A number of other similarities continue to be pointed out and debated.[13]. Min Dong), Hmong-Mien middle imperative", An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, http://www.angelfire.com/me/ik/gaulish.html, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, 9, etymological dictionaries of various IE languages, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Celtic_language&oldid=1142903141, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2022, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from April 2011, Articles containing Proto-Celtic-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010, Articles with disputed statements from January 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Our assessments, publications and research spread knowledge, spark enquiry and aid understanding around the world. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Frisian The analysis was based on the DNA of 1,000 Irish individuals and 6,000 from Britain and mainland Europe - and confirms the vast extent of migration between the two islands. Berber: Albanian Proto-Turkic This page was last edited on 3 July 2022, at 11:41. Ancillary study: Sound Change, the Italo-Celtic Linguistic Unity, and the Italian Homeland of Celtic", "Laryngeal Realism and early Insular Celtic orthography", "Old Irish cuire, its congeners, and the ending of the 2nd sg. This category contains only the following page. Purepecha Belarusian [2][3] Matasovi, however, is confused at how the -o- in *uo- became -a- in Gaulish and Brythonic. Proto-Celtic, or Common Celtic, is the ancestral proto-language of all known Celtic languages, and a descendant of Proto-Indo-European.It is not attested in writing but has been partly reconstructed through the comparative method.Proto-Celtic is generally thought to have been spoken between 1300 and 800 BC, after which it began to split into different languages. PIE *p is lost in PC, apparently going through the stages * (possibly a stage *[p])[10] and *h (perhaps seen in the name Hercynia if this is of Celtic origin) before being completely lost word-initially and between vowels. In: This page was last edited on 7 January 2023, at 18:40. UpperSorbian Galician This category has the following 13 subcategories, out of 13 total. Numbers in Proto-Brythonic How to count in Proto-Brythonic, the reconstructed ancestor of the Brythonic branch of the Insular Celtic languages (Welsh, Cornish, Breton and Cumbric). Brittonic. Capture a web page as it appears now for use as a trusted citation in the future. This is the first etymological dictionary of Proto-Celtic to be published after a hundred years, synthesizing the work of several generations of Celtic scholars. Dalmatian Swahili Somali Gujarati American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Etruscan Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, Dictionaries, Encyclopedias & Bibliographies, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb. The principal lemmata are alphabetically arranged words reconstructed for Proto-Celtic. [6] The changes are roughly in chronological order, with changes that operate on the outcome of earlier ones appearing later in the list. This is the first etymological dictionary of Proto-Celtic to be published after a hundred years, synthesizing the work of several generations of Celtic scholars. Proto-Indo-European Kashubian The introduction contains an overview of the phonological developments from PIE to Proto-Celtic, and the volume includes an appendix treating the probable loanwords from unknown non-IE substrates in Proto-Celtic. Frisian Algonquian and Iroquoian Similar developments appear in Italic, but for the syllabic nasals *m, *n, the result is Proto-Italic *m, *n (> Latin em ~ im, en ~ in). A Celtic Encyclopedia. Burmese [24][14]:140, Scholarly reconstructions [6][25][26][27] may be summarised in tabular format. In Celtic languages: Common Celtic The reconstruction of Common Celtic (or Proto-Celtic)the parent language that yielded the various tongues of Continental Celtic and Insular Celticis of necessity very tentative. Icelandic The following consonants have been reconstructed for Proto-Celtic (PC): PC stops allophonically manifest similarly to those in English. Tatar Proto-Celtic is currently being reconstructed through the comparative method by relying on later Celtic languages. *bitus 'world, existence' (masculine) (Gaulish Bitu- ~ Old Irish bith ~ Welsh byd ~ Breton bed), Before the *-s of the nominative singular, a velar consonant was fricated to *-x: *rg- "king" > *rxs. Chinese Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. That is hardly even a cousin, it is practically a sister! (AncientGreek) Finnic Japanese The Gaulish conversion of *wo to ua is regular. Wyandot The Sound of the Proto-Celtic language (Numbers, Words & Story) ILoveLanguages! Yiddish Imperative endings in Proto-Celtic were as follows:[14]:147148, The second-person singular imperative was generally endingless in the active; no ending was generally added to athematic verbs. Tahitian English-Cornish Online Dictionary. Sequences of velar and *w merge into the labiovelars (it is uncertain if this preceded or followed the next change; that is, whether gw > b or gw > g, but Schumacher 2004 argues on p.372 that this change came first; moreover, it is also found in Proto-Italic, and thus arguably belongs to the previous section): Aspirated stops lose their aspiration and merge with the voiced stops (except that this. Northern Kurdish This page was last edited on 10 May 2021, at 23:31. Long vowels are shortened before a syllable-final resonant (V:RC > VRC); this also shortens long diphthongs. Jizhao- The phonological changes from Proto-Indo-European (PIE) to Proto-Celtic (PC) may be summarized as follows. Notes *Belenos. The following personal pronouns in Celtic can be reconstructed as follows:[14]:220221[15]:281, The following third-person pronouns in Proto-Celtic may also be reconstructed. SiberianTatar TokPisin Whereas Continental Celtic offers plenty of evidence for phonology (the sound system), its records are too scanty to help Read More Oto-Manguean The list of the Proto-Celtic sound laws is explicitly adduced in the Introduction to the dictionary, and all etymologies in this dictionary are based on the assumption that those sound laws operated in Proto-Celtic. Toki Pona Assamese To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. Bantu Answer (1 of 3): How can I learn the Proto Celtic language? Want to add New Dictionary? It must be a more recent incomer. Guinea-BissauCreole Early and Modern Irish, Scots Gaelic, Manx, Welsh, Cornish, Breton, Old British, Pictish, Gaulish, Celtiberian and Galatian). PIE *sp- became Old Irish s (lenited f-, exactly as for PIE *sw-) and Brythonic f; while Schrijver 1995, p.348 argues there was an intermediate stage *s- (in which * remained an independent phoneme until after Proto-Insular Celtic had diverged into Goidelic and Brythonic), McCone 1996, pp. Lithuanian Proto-Celtic, or Common Celtic, is the ancestral proto-language of all known Celtic languages, and a descendant of Proto-Indo-European. Norwegian: Slovak (Cal)- Pama-Nyungan Proto-Bantu Hmong Sranan Early New) Each lemma contains the reflexes of the Proto-Celtic words in the individual Celtic languages, the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) roots from which they developed, as well as the cognate forms from other Indo-European languages. Proto-Italic Tajik (OldPolish) So many of the sound changes that occurred from Proto-Italic to Old Latin to Classical Latin are so interesting. 1200900 BC. [23], The thematic deponent second-person singular imperative ending was *-eso. Elamite This number is, 0. Tibeto-Burman (Nepal)) Walloon [21], There were also three verbs that did not use -(a)se-, instead straight-out taking thematised primary endings. Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic Publication date 2017-07-14 Topics linguistics, historical linguistics, indo-european languages, celtic languages Collection opensource Language English Austronesian Bashkir Hausa These endings are:[19]:6267, The Old Irish t-preterite was traditionally assumed to be a divergent evolution from the s-preterite, but that derivation was challenged by Jay Jasanoff, who alleges that they were instead imperfects of Narten presents. *e before a resonant and *a (but not *) becomes *a as well (eRa > aRa): *elH-ro > *gelaro > *galaro / *grH-no > *gerano > *garano (Joseph's rule). Okinawan Nynorsk) (Similarly, Grimm's law did not apply to *p, t, k after *s in Germanic, and the same exception occurred again in the High German consonant shift.). This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Irish dictionary. Telugu In historical linguistics, Italo-Celtic is a hypothetical grouping of the Italic and Celtic branches of the Indo-European language family on the basis of features shared by these two branches and no others. Mori Traditionally derived from PIE *belH- ('white, shining . Malagasy (Bokml, The voiced aspirate labiovelar *g did not merge with *g, though: plain *g became PC *b, while aspirated *g became *g. It is also known as Common Brittonic, and was spoken from about the 6th century BC to the 6th century AD in most of Great Britain south of the Firth of Forth. This is the main category of the Proto-Celtic language. This page was last edited on 4 March 2023, at 06:08. South American Sicilian) Proto-Indo-European (PIE) voiced aspirate stops *b, *d, *g/, merge with *b, *d, *g/ in PC. Central Atlas Tamazight) Greek The German philologist Sabine Ziegler, however, drawing parallels with reconstructions of the Proto-Celtic language morphology (whose nouns are classified according to the vowels that characterize their endings), limited the archaic Irish endings of the singular genitive to -i, -as, -os and -ais . Etymological dictionary of proto-Celtic Author: Ranko Matasovi Summary: "This is the first etymological dictionary of Proto-Celtic to be published after a hundred years, synthesizing the work of several generations of Celtic scholars. As Watkins (1966) puts it, "the community of - in Italic and Celtic is attributable to early contact, rather than to an original unity". Celtic languages share common features with Italic languages that are not found in other branches of Indo-European, suggesting the possibility of an earlier Italo-Celtic linguistic unity. Macedonian Uploaded by [6] In 2002 a paper by Ringe, Warnow and Taylor, employing computational methods as a supplement to the traditional linguistic subgrouping methodology, argued in favour of an Italo-Celtic subgroup,[7] and in 2007 Kortlandt attempted a reconstruction of a Proto-Italo-Celtic. Standard, (Mandarin on July 14, 2017, This is a cleaned version of the original file found on The Internet, There are no reviews yet. Swedish It would then analogically spread to other Celtic strong verb roots ending in sonorants in addition to the weak verbs, even if the root did not originally end in a laryngeal. TocharianB Alternatively, a reference for Proto-Celtic vocabulary is provided by the University of Wales at the following sites: On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. KraDai It is also possible that some of these are not innovations, but shared conservative features, i.e. Bengali Bangala Baltic Dutch Ancient. But a simple division into P- / Q-Celtic may be untenable, as it does not do justice to the evidence of the ancient Continental Celtic languages. Abinomn Tungusic Words from the same Proto-Celtic root, via Gaulish and Latin, include claie (wicker rack, trellis, hurdle) in French and cheda (wattled laterals at the base of a traditional cart) in Galician [ source ]. Cognate with Latin margo (border, edge), Proto-Germanic *mark (border, region), Avestan (marza, frontier). Words with an asterisk are . Interlingue Turkish Wu We unlock the potential of millions of people worldwide. "Ranko Matasovis Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (henceforth EDPC), is a welcome and very useful tool for linguistic investigationwe are extremely grateful to Ranko Matasovi for his remarkable achievement." MauritianCreole Siouan and Pawnee Turkic It flourished under the, Abstract The article deals with the origin of the Proto-Indo-European comparative suffix. It contains a reconstructed lexicon of Proto-Celtic with ca. Generally,*s-stems contain an *-es-, which becomes *-os in the nominative singular: *teges- 'house' > *tegos. Hebrew The later belief in a stay of the Israelites at Tanis/Zoan was inspired by the transfer of archaeological . There were two or three major preterite formations in Proto-Celtic, plus another moribund type. Please, contact us for this at ats [at] ats-group [dot] net, Advanced Translation Services| Copyright 2001-2023| ATS Translation, Professional Hungarian Translation Services. *m is assimilated or lost before a glide: *p assimilates to *k when another *k follows later in the word (pk > kk). Basque gcse.type = 'text/javascript'; Dictionary Meanings Proto-celtic Definition Proto-celtic Definition Meanings Definition Source Pronoun Filter pronoun The putative ancestor of all the known Celtic languages. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. (Sichuanese, As such, the term (s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. For a list of words relating to Proto-Celtic language, see the, However, according to Hackstein (2002) *CH.CC > in unstressed medial syllables. (MiddleKorean) Makasar The article discusses a number of cases in which Proto-Indo-European word-initial sequences of the type *Hi- and *Hu- yield an acute vowel in Baltic and in Slavic. Breton However, Schumacher[4] and Schrijver[5] suggest a date for Proto-Celtic as early as the 13th century BC, the time of the Canegrate culture, in northwest Italy, and the Urnfield culture in Central Europe, implying that the divergence may have already started in the Bronze Age.[why?]. Slovene E.g. Please support me on. It contains a reconstructed lexicon of Proto-Celtic with ca. Cantonese, Slavic (Limburgish, Polish How to use proto- in a sentence. Updates? W Belyn. The Leiden University has compiled etymological dictionaries of various IE languages, a project supervised by Alexander Lubotsky and which includes a Proto-Celtic dictionary by Ranko Matasovi. 1500 entries. Afrikaans web pages Gaul. Indo-Iranian Nepali The notion of a special Italo-Celtic subgroup was broadly accepted until mid 20th century. This is a Swadesh list of words in Proto-Celtic, compared with definitions in English. The focus is on the development of forms from PIE to Proto-Celtic, but histories of individual words are explained in detail, and each lemma is accompanied by an extensive bibliography. Primary subjunctive formations in Proto-Celtic generally use the e-grade of the verb root, even if the present stem uses the zero-grade. The traditional interpretation of the data is that both sub-groups of the Indo-European language family are generally more closely related to each other than to the other Indo-European languages. Moroccan, LowerSorbian Raji-Raute, Berber Thus, Gaulish petuar[ios], Welsh pedwar "four", but Old Irish cethair and Latin quattuor. Lingwa de Planeta (Lidepla) The -the in Old Irish is secondary. The terms P-Celtic and Q-Celtic are useful for grouping Celtic languages based on the way they handle this one phoneme. It contains a reconstructed lexicon of Proto-Celtic with ca. (OldPersian, MiddlePersian) Please see Wiktionary:About Proto-Celtic for information and special considerations for creating Proto-Celtic language entries. Proto-Slavic Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden; The Teacher's Grammar of English: A Course Book; Rethinking the Administrative Presidency: Trust, Otto Treumann: Graphic Design in the Netherlands; SOON Timepiece Phenomena: adventures in concept; Cartoon Modern: Style and Design in Fifties; Filmstile book; Neuropsychology: From Theory to Practice / Hawaiian Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/mrogis&oldid=67617047, Proto-Celtic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European, Proto-Celtic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Bulgarian Zealandic) Serbo-Croatian The considerable genetic legacies of the Vikings, Normans and Ulster plantations has uncovered a previously hidden genetic landscape, shaped by invasions and migrations. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. The principal lemmata are alphabetically arranged words reconstructed for Proto-Celtic. LowSaxon "colui che crea lodi"), la cui radice PIE *gerH- (originariamente "alzare la voce", poi "approvare, magnificare") riscontrabile anche nel latino grtus (e *lm 'hand' (feminine) (Old Irish lm; Welsh llaw, Cornish leuv, Old Breton lom), E.g. 4445 finds it more economical to believe that *sp- remained unchanged in PC, that is, the change *p to * did not happen when *s preceded. 1 March 2023. OldChinese, The number of cases is a subject of contention:[12] while Old Irish may have only five, the evidence from Continental Celtic is considered[by whom?] (Sallaands) A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971. Spanish The assumed period of language contact could then be later and perhaps continue well into the first millennium BC. Irish Welsh It is not attested in writing but has been partly reconstructed through the comparative method. (Old French) It had both athematic and thematic conjugations in the present tense. Latin Whereas Continental Celtic offers plenty of evidence for phonology (the sound system), its records are too scanty to help. HaitianCreole Georgian Ilocano E-Book Collections Title Lists and MARC Records, Latest Financial Press Releases and Reports, Terms and Conditions |Privacy Statement | Cookie Settings |Accessibility | Legal Notice. Finnish [1] However, Schrijver believes that in Brythonic, sequences of *wo regularly split into *wa and *wo depending on whether the *w was lenited; in this case, the vowel in the Brythonic descendants would be generalized from the lenited form. Garo Germanic This is the first etymological dictionary of Proto-Celtic to be published after a hundred years, synthesizing the work of several generations of Celtic scholars. Temiar Ah, I agree on the common root - but I can't imagine that some Eastern European proto-celtic evolved into Welsh eglwys, while another took a route through Greek/Latin French/ and coincidental ended up as glise. Penutian Buginese Etymology. Proto-Celtic As such, the term (s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

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