Riding somewhat roughshod over this debate and allowing that the sign does not indicate an alternate possibility (and therefore a flicker of freedom) because we do not need it too the twin world condition requires a comparison between S (or Jones or whoever) in W1 (where we allow no alternate possibility to exist) with S in W2 (where alternate possibilities incontrovertibly exist). We cannot simply say that S is morally responsible because he decided to do E and then did E (hereafter, doing E includes deciding to do E). Correspondence to Why Frankfurt-examples dont need to succeed to succeed. Example 1. British scientists know as much as we do about the basic wartime progress of nucleonics -- if not of the specific processes used in our engineering developments -- and the role which French nuclear physicists have played in the pre-war development of this field, plus their occasional contact with our Projects, will enable them to catch up rapidly, at least as far as basic scientific discoveries are concerned. PAP(s) is not vulnerable to Frankfurts or similar counter-examples. Where S engages in action E, if (a) and (b) are satisfied then S is morally responsible for E. Stating this does not negate the possibility that S could still be held morally responsible for E, however, even where (a) and/or (b) fail to be satisfied, should another sufficient condition (as yet unspecified) be met. The peace agreements should ensure that Germany could never threaten the stability of Europe again. Rjwala is your freely social learning platform. But not by verticality.. I follow this with a discussion on how PAP(s) is able to withstand the challenge set by Frankfurt-style scenarios, before moving on to consider a further sufficient condition for moral responsibility. (b) What conflict does this decision set up between the father and mother? Slider with three articles shown per slide. The aim of this paper is to present a version of the principle of alternate possibilities (PAP) which is not susceptible to the Frankfurt-style counter-example. It may be asked whether we cannot prevent the development of military nucleonics in other countries by a monopoly on the raw materials of nuclear power. Young, G. (2007). In this case, there are alternate possibilities, of course, thereby making it possible for S to do other than he did; but there are no alternate possibilities that do not involve a morally repugnant outcome; meaning that S cannot engage in any action that does not result in an immoral act occurring. Do you agree that under certain circumstances, R2P should override sovereignty? In the following sentences, circle the word that each underlined participial phrase modifies and draw an arrow from the participial phrase to the word it modifies. We felt, however, that the dilemma had to be stated, to show what kind of alternative method of protection will have to be considered if no successful international agreement is reached. (c) At the end of the story, how does the stranger's visit continue to affect the family? The Principle of Alternate Possibilities as Sufficient but not Necessary for Moral Responsibility: A way to Avoid the Frankfurt Counter-Example, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11406-016-9690-2, Moral Responsibility, Alternative Possibilities, and Acting on Ones Own, Individually Sufficient and Disjunctively Necessary Conditions for Moral Responsibility, The Robustness Requirement on Alternative Possibilities, Problems with Rowlands Practical Conciliationism, How (not) to construct worlds with responsibility, In Search of the Trinity: A Dilemma for Parfits Conciliatory Project, Being and holding responsible: Reconciling the disputants through a meaning-based Strawsonian account, Lueck, Bryan: Obligation and the fact of sense, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2019, ISBN: 978 1 4744 4272 5. Google Scholar. Unreflectively accepts leaders orders: he wants to want this. 95110). We hope that the creation of the Committee by the Secretary of War to deal with all aspects of nucleonics, indicates that these implications have been recognized by the government. Question:Contemporaries who agreed with francks argument in the second and third paragraphs regarding the need for an international agreement would most likely have made which of the following arguments to support their position? Philosophical Studies, 166, 553573. By insisting on either of these conditions for the ascription of moral responsibility, we also preserve some role for alternate possibilities, thereby making it necessary that they feature in our moral decision making in some form or other. Young, G. The Principle of Alternate Possibilities as Sufficient but not Necessary for Moral Responsibility: A way to Avoid the Frankfurt Counter-Example. June 14, 2022 . Philosophical Studies, 157, 177194. They did not become known as "The Federalist Papers" until the 20th century. It is 980 too many. With the convenience of modern transportation and future innovations to come, Wright asks why proximity to the city is important. honoris causa by the University of British Columbia. A postponement of such a demonstration will have in this case the advantage of delaying the beginning of the nuclear armaments race as long as possible. Moreover, PAP as a sufficient condition hereafter PAP(s) has the advantage of being able to withstand Frankfurt-style counter-examples without, I contend, losing its efficacy as a maxim for moral responsibility. In: J. E. Tomberlin (Ed. The aim of this paper is to present a version of the principle of alternate possibilities (PAP) which is not susceptible to the Frankfurt-style counter-example. One thing is clear: any international agreement on prevention of nuclear armaments must be backed by actual and efficient controls. Japanese government propaganda instilled fierce, killing nationalism in the Japanese population, making Japan unlikely to surrender unconditionally without experiencing the effects of nuclear weapons of the following arguments would a supporter of using nuclear weapons against Japan have most likely cited to explain the limitations of Franck's arguments in the first and second paragraphs. Debate has centred on whether the sign, which is not an indication of a decision, but an indication of what Jones is about to decide, nevertheless amounts to evidence that, on the occasion when the sign was present, an alternate possibility was available to Jones. What if cult-man is brainwashed? When Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier Had a Public Argument in The New York Times, All rights reserved. He can place his "infernal machines" in advance in all our major cities and explode them simultaneously, thus destroying a major part of our industry and a large part of our population, aggregated in densely populated metropolitan districts. c) We can allow that clauses (a) and (b) are violated because such violation does not negate the possibility that Jones is nevertheless morally responsible for his action: for some other condition (as yet to be identified) could exist that is sufficient to justify the claim that Jones is morally responsible, even though he could not have done other than he did. ), Addiction vs. weakness of the will. To explain: despite being unable to do otherwise (and so failing to satisfy PAP(s)), if Jones (or S or whoever) is still said to be morally responsibly in virtue of his actions congruence with what his action would have been in a world with alternate possibilities (namely, W2) then this means that we are still reliant on alternate possibilities in some form to justify our moral pronouncements. Explain the importance of each term, person, or place: proletariat; soviet; Cheka; commissar. rock creek ranch bc contemporaries who agreed with franck's argument. By Charles Yu. south glens falls school tax bills mozart: violin concerto 4 analysis mozart: violin concerto 4 analysis Not to mention, the natural landscape certainly was not given priority in planning most suburban settlements. Did Peter become the new captain\underline{\text{captain}}captain of the team? (a) Describe: How does the father react to the stranger's request to look around? But if you look at their . This is something that one can assess through the twin world condition in the absence of the current availability of alternative possibilities, and therefore even when it is not possible for S to have done other than he did on a given occasion. Explain the "Frankfurt case" of Jones & Black argument against PAP. In 2008, about ten years after Freire's death, in a special issue of the Journal of Thought dedicated to his ideas, for example, Cal State education professor A. Dee Williams has used the book . In both (1) and (2), S is morally responsible for E in W2 because, within each scenario, S satisfies PAP(s) in W2; and, as we have seen, PAP(s) provides sufficient justification for the ascription of moral responsibility. We have large accumulations of poison gas, but do not use them, and recent polls have shown that public opinion in this country would disapprove of such a use even if it would accelerate the winning of the Far Eastern war. the secretaries (leaders) of the departments of the executive branch. Where this is not the cases, as expressed within (3) then we must conclude that intervention has occurred in W1, thereby explaining the incongruence across worlds. 25 D. Held, Models of Democracy (1996), at 353, where he makes the important distinction between forms of accountability in general and democracy in particular, which is both a form of accountability and a form The legitimacy of Frankfurts challenge to PAP as necessary for the ascription of moral responsibility has been debated extensively over the years. Jones is incapable of making a decision that differs from what Black wants him to decide, and subsequently is incapable of doing other than what Black wants him to do. Palmer, D. (2011). For the ascription of moral responsibility, what is necessary is that alternate possibilities have some role to play in whatever conditions we devise to determine who is responsible and who is not, and why. PAP(s) is, however, not vulnerable to Frankfurts counter-example, as I shall now demonstrate. Connect to Locke's argument about the prisoner. Alternative possibilities and causal histories. Underline each predicate nominative in the following sentences. In the war to which such an armaments race is likely to lead, the United States, with its agglomeration of population and industry in comparatively few metropolitan districts, will be at a disadvantage compared to nations whose populations and industry are scattered over large areas. England, France and the smaller nations of the European continent, with their congeries of people and industries would be in a particularly desperate situation in the face of such a threat. Contemporaries who agreed with Franck's argument in the second and third paragraphs regarding the need for an international agreement would most likely have made which of the following arguments to support their position? Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in While weve yet to see cars hurtling by unimpeded 16 feet above ground as Le Corbusier wished, various methods of separating cars from pedestrians have been attempted in cities around the world. Black is prepared to go to considerable lengths to get his way, but he prefers to avoid showing his hand unnecessarily. Russia, and even allied countries which bear less mistrust of our ways and intentions, as well as neutral countries may be deeply shocked by this step. Alternate possibilities (or at least an alternate possibility) are therefore necessary in some form for the ascription of moral responsibility (as we have seen), but acknowledging this is not the same as saying that it is necessary that S could have done otherwise on a given occasion (as is required by the original PAP). From a progressive modernist's point of view, it was a further exercise of freedom. Persons are 'wholhearted' when there are no conflicts in their wills and they are not ambivalent about what they want to do.

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