Get your weekly fill of History Articles and Quizzes. The position in April 1965 was summarized by Dr Brian Fagan in an unpublished paper entitled Iron Age radiocarbon dates in sub-Saharan Africa, presented to the African History Seminar at the School of Oriental and African Studies. How do you study history? The story begins with a popular African tale. Of course what i have said may not be 100% but for better clarification pls ask a real historian. Tensions and violence increased after the Rwandan Genocide as 1.5 million Hutu refugees fled Rwanda. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6, https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6/tables/3. However, mtDNA genetic research from Cabinda suggests that only haplogroups that originated in West Africa are found there today, and the distinctive L0 of the pre-Bantu population is missing, suggesting that there was a complete population replacement. The Zulu style of warfare was based on finely tuned tactics, relentless discipline and brutal, close-quarters combat. In fact a small amount South African Bantu men have Khoisan specific Y-DNA (including Cushitic pastoralist Y-DNA which is significant among the Khoisan). The causes of the 1932-33 famine can be attributed to nothing more complicated than state interference in production. The text of this article was commissioned by History Guild as part of our work to improve historical literacy. In addition to their stature, they also differ in blood type from their Bantu- and Sudanic-speaking agriculturalist neighbours, and they are probably the earliest . Numerous individual countries, however, twenty-nine in total, including forty-eight states within the United States, classify what took place as genocide. The latter, the Khoisan, are the original, and much more ancient race displaced by the Bantu, and relegated in many instances to the arid desert reaches of the west of the sub-continent. Personal communication from Mr Fagg. No such policy was implemented in 1845, and as such, the famine has been described as artificial, and attributable to a deliberate policy of punishing a stubborn and difficult constituent territory of the Kingdom. It is connected with complex population movements starting north of Central Africa and led to the progressive colonisation of a vast area further south. The tell-tale sign is the lack of non-bantu Y-DNA left in the area and the MtDNA still surviving, which means they killed the men and "took" the women. The German government has in recent years heard demands for compensation and recognition of the victims, and the legacy of this event remains a strain on relations between the two nations. Some historians have referred to the expansion not as migration, but a process of colonization. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. This was to ensure that all food produced in Ireland remained in Ireland, guaranteeing that everyone had enough to eat, even during the leanest times. They subsequently rebelled, attracting a violent response from the Germans. Upon the death of his illegitimate father, the king of the minor Zulu clan, Shaka seized the ascension, killing all rivals, after which he began to build a society forged by war and bloodshed. Also Read: Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. Historians believe the migration was splintered in small groups not large conquering hordes that separated and settled in new regions. No one was safe, not even children, for as the philosophy went, to stop the weeds you must also pull up their roots. In 1884, it was agreed among European powers that all expansion into Africa would be by treaty with local, indigenous authority. This empire was one of the most powerful in African History and left an indelible mark on modern-day South Africa. In Killing Fields set up all over the country, confessions were solicited by torture, and execution immediately. } The impact of the Bantu Expansion has stood the test of time it continues to influence the demographics, language, and culture of the continent today. The Bantu people wielded significant influence and undoubtedly dominated every area they settled in. The definition of genocide is fluid enough for it to be very easily claimed, and no less easily rejected. As we approach the top of the list, the Cambodian Genocide, the infamous Killing Fields of the 1790s, ranks very highly. Michael C. Campbell and Sarah A. Tishkoff, "The Evolution of Human Genetic and Phenotypic Variation in Africa,", "Genetic and Demographic Implications of the Bantu Expansion: Insights from Human Paternal Lineages", "The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans", "On the edge of Bantu expansions: MtDNA, Y chromosome and lactase persistence genetic variation in southwestern Angola", "Y-chromosomal variation in sub-Saharan Africa: Insights into the history of NigerCongo groups", "Phylogeographic analysis of the Bantu language expansion supports a rainforest route", "Early migrations into East Africa | Enzi", "Inferring the Demographic History of African Farmers and Pygmy HunterGatherers Using a Multilocus Resequencing Data Set", "Cultural phylogeography of the Bantu Languages of sub-Saharan Africa", "Bringing together linguistic and genetic evidence to test the Bantu expansion", "Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals", "Bantu Language Trees Reflect the Spread of Farming across Sub-Saharan Africa: A Maximum-Parsimony Analysis", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bantu_expansion&oldid=1142078895, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2022, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2015, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 11:21. The southward Bantu occupation of sub-Saharan Africa (south of the Sahara), started some 2,000 years ago, with the introduction of crop farming and iron age technology from Nubia which made expansion, weaponry, conquest and supremacy possible. This particular event, however, became embroiled in other social, political and economic issues, which is where historians tend to point the finger of blame at the British and accuse them of genocide. Personal communication from Mr Fagg.Google Scholar, 14 Unless otherwise stated, all carbon dates are taken from the summaries published in the Journal of African History, II (1961), 1379, and IV (1963), 5278.Google Scholar, 15 Guthrie, Malcolm, loc. 22 January 2009. Most of these treaties implied imperial protection in exchange for land rights. Linguistic analysis suggests that the expansion proceeded in two directions: the first went across or along the Northern border of the Congo forest region (towards East Africa),[6] and the second and possibly others went south along the African coast into Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Angola, or inland along the many south-to-north flowing rivers of the Congo River system. By Ellen Rubin. The problem lay in a historical predominance of Muslims within the Indian political process. An example of this was the Arab Revolt of the same period, which was facilitated and supported by TE Lawrence, the legendary Lawrence of Arabia. Herding practices reached the far south several centuries before Bantu-speaking migrants did. Their spread was occasioned by a phenomenon known as the Bantu Migration, or Bantu Expansion, which began in the first millennium and concluded towards the end of the 18th century. Same reason we don't call the Indo European migrations a genocide. Nonetheless, in the unfathomable complexity of the Anglo-Irish relationship, there are no small number of historians who point the finger at the British government, not so much for acts of commission, but acts of omission. [5], The expansion is believed to have taken place in at least two waves, between about 3,000 and 2,000 years ago (approximately 1,000 BC to AD 1). Researchers have found ways to trace the movement of Bantu-speaking peoples that began possibly as early as 2000 BCE. That child, a boy, was given the name Shaka, a pejorative reference to an intestinal parasite. This began its extreme animus towards the west, a sentiment reinforced by the overspill of the Vietnam War. ), A survey of the ethnography of Africa: and the former racial and tribal migrations of that continent, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Speculations on the economic prehistory of Africa, Berceaux agricoles primaires sur le continent africain, Africa: Its Peoples and their Culture History, Studies in African Linguistic Classification, Some developments in the pre-history of the Bantu languages. Published online by Cambridge University Press: That's a bold claim. From what ik the bantu expansion is that it was a migration of people over a long period of time that did result in some cases as conflict but not wholesale coordinated genocide, in the most cases communties assimilated and mixed into each other and not some mass replacement and removal. Replies claiming this is white supremacist to somehow study history are just ad hominem attacks mostly. Has data issue: true The dynamics of genocide are rooted in the complex colonial policies of the time. For more than a century, historians have supported the idea of a 'Bantu Expansion' that, starting in West Africa several millennia ago, spread across the southern half of the continent. The BenueCongo branch includes the Bantu languages, which are found throughout Central, Southern, and Eastern Africa. cit. In terms of sheer numbers, it is probably the Holodomor, also known as the Ukrainian Genocide of 1932-33, that racked up the greatest score. [19] Many Batwa groups speak Bantu languages; however, a considerable portion of their vocabulary is not Bantu in origin. The Aka or Bayaka Pygmies still speak their own language, unlike the more famous Mbuti Pygmies, who have fully adopted the languages of their Bantu overlords. Linguistic, archeological and genetic evidence indicates that during the course of the Bantu expansion, "independent waves of migration of western African and East African Bantu-speakers into southern Africa occurred. The scope of the Armenian genocide is usually defined as the physical extermination of Armenian Christians living within the geographic boundaries of the Ottoman Empire, between 1915 and 1916. [32][33] By the first century BC, Bantu speaking communities in the great lakes region developed iron forging techniques that enabled them to produce carbon steel. The military government solicited the aid of the United States, and a heavy-handed US response included a massive bombing during 1973, killing some 300,000 people. Needless to say, there are passionate advocates on both sides of the argument; and certainly a fractious, and historically difficult relationship between Dublin and London is not improved in the slightest by the discussion. Unfortunately, it is also greatly understudied and often unknown to history enthusiasts. These include sultanates based at Lamu, Mombasa, Kilwa, Pate and Malindi. Fearing similar Allied manipulation of traditional Armenian hostility, the Turkish Armenian population found itself the subject of an extermination policy. Almost immediately, as British officials handed over, Hindus in India began attacking and killing Muslims, and in Pakistan, vice versa. Although early models posited that the early speakers were both iron-using and agricultural, definitive archaeological evidence that they used iron does not appear until as late as 400BC, though they were agricultural. Between 300 AD-1000 AD, through participation in the long-existing Indian Ocean trade route, these communities established links with Arabian and Indian traders, leading to the development of the Swahili culture. It never happened. WWII, however, reconfigured the imperial landscape, and by then, India was demanding independence, and the British were more than willing to give it to them. Until the 1980s, International academic interest in the issue was limited by Soviet censorship, so at the time that it was occurring, very few people were aware of it. Language Dispersal, Diversification, and Contact, Patterns of diversification and contact: Re-examining dispersal hypotheses, Sociolinguistic typology and the uniformitarian hypothesis, Geographical axis effects in large-scale linguistic distributions, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in Island Southeast Asia and Oceania, Time, diversification, and dispersal on the Australian continent: Three enigmas of linguistic prehistory, Language diversity, geomorphological change, and population movements in the Sepik-Ramu basin of Papua New Guinea, The dynamics of human expansion and cultural diversification in Southeast Asia and Oceania during the Neolithic: An archeological perspective, The role of contact and language shift in the spread of Austronesian languages across Island Southeast Asia, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in Africa, Language diversification and contact in Africa, The Bantu Expansion: Some facts and fiction, Pots do not speak Bantu, but their producers did, Bantu languages spread through human migration, Language isolates and the spread of pastoralism in East Africa, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in South America, Amazonian linguistic diversity and its sociocultural correlates, Cultural phylogenetics in lowland South America, 'The Bantu Expansion: Some facts and fiction', in Mily Crevels, and Pieter Muysken (eds), Archaeological Methodology and Techniques, Browse content in Language Teaching and Learning, Literary Studies (African American Literature), Literary Studies (Fiction, Novelists, and Prose Writers), Literary Studies (Postcolonial Literature), Musical Structures, Styles, and Techniques, Popular Beliefs and Controversial Knowledge, Browse content in Company and Commercial Law, Browse content in Constitutional and Administrative Law, Private International Law and Conflict of Laws, Browse content in Legal System and Practice, Browse content in Allied Health Professions, Browse content in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Clinical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Browse content in Public Health and Epidemiology, Browse content in Science and Mathematics, Study and Communication Skills in Life Sciences, Study and Communication Skills in Chemistry, Browse content in Earth Sciences and Geography, Browse content in Engineering and Technology, Civil Engineering, Surveying, and Building, Environmental Science, Engineering, and Technology, Conservation of the Environment (Environmental Science), Environmentalist and Conservationist Organizations (Environmental Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Environmental Science), Management of Land and Natural Resources (Environmental Science), Natural Disasters (Environmental Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Environmental Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Environmental Science), Neuroendocrinology and Autonomic Nervous System, Psychology of Human-Technology Interaction, Psychology Professional Development and Training, Browse content in Business and Management, Information and Communication Technologies, Browse content in Criminology and Criminal Justice, International and Comparative Criminology, Agricultural, Environmental, and Natural Resource Economics, Teaching of Specific Groups and Special Educational Needs, Conservation of the Environment (Social Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Social Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Social Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Social Science), Browse content in Interdisciplinary Studies, Museums, Libraries, and Information Sciences, Browse content in Regional and Area Studies, Browse content in Research and Information, Developmental and Physical Disabilities Social Work, Human Behaviour and the Social Environment, International and Global Issues in Social Work, Social Work Research and Evidence-based Practice, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723813.001.0001, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723813.003.0013.

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